_________________________ CARBS LINUX USER MANUAL Cem Keylan _________________________ Table of Contents _________________ 1. Copying 2. Installation .. 1. Preparing Environment ..... 1. Download ..... 2. Signature verification ..... 3. Extracting the tarball .. 2. Chroot ..... 1. Setting up repositories ..... 2. Updating packages ..... 3. Installing packages ..... 4. Essential Software ..... 5. Obtaining the documentation .. 3. System Configuration ..... 1. Configuring hostname ..... 2. Hosts file .. 4. Kernel ..... 1. Obtaining the kernel sources ..... 2. Kernel dependencies ..... 3. Building the kernel .. 5. Making your system bootable ..... 1. Bootloader ..... 2. Init scripts ..... 3. Fstab .. 6. Post-installation ..... 1. KISS repositories 3. Software .. 1. Init System ..... 1. Configuring Init ..... 2. Changing Init Program .. 2. TODO Display Systems ..... 1. Wayland 4. Contribution Guidelines .. 1. Conventions ..... 1. Shell Conventions ..... 2. Repository Conventions 5. GNU Free Documentation License This is the full documentation of [Carbs Linux], from the details of the distribution, installation, to the package manager. It is not yet complete. You can build and install the 'info' package in order to view this documentation with the info reader. It is divided into sections and easier to read. [Carbs Linux] 1 Copying ========= Copyright (c) 2020 Cem Keylan Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License." 2 Installation ============== These are the step-by-step instructions for installing Carbs Linux. It can be acquired as plain-text to be viewed offline with a pager from . ,---- | curl -sL https://carbslinux.org/install.txt | less `---- .. 1. Preparing Environment ..... 1. Download ..... 2. Signature verification ..... 3. Extracting the tarball .. 2. Chroot ..... 1. Setting up repositories ..... 2. Updating packages ..... 3. Installing packages ..... 4. Essential Software ..... 5. Obtaining the documentation .. 3. System Configuration ..... 1. Configuring hostname ..... 2. Hosts file .. 4. Kernel ..... 1. Obtaining the kernel sources ..... 2. Kernel dependencies ..... 3. Building the kernel .. 5. Making your system bootable ..... 1. Bootloader ..... 2. Init scripts ..... 3. Fstab .. 6. Post-installation ..... 1. KISS repositories 2.1 Preparing Environment ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To install Carbs Linux, you will need a Live Linux ISO. For that purpose, you can obtain a Gentoo or Void Linux live image. You can follow their instructions to boot and setup your network. You will need the following programs in order to install Carbs Linux: - tar - wget - xz - some form of base utilities (coreutils, sbase, busybox, etc.) Rest of these instructions will assume that you have set all of these up, and will continue on that point. 2.1.1 Download -------------- First, we need to download the rootfs tarball. You can do the following in order to obtain the rootfs. If you are using an i686 machine, replace the `x86_64' with `i686'. We are setting this in a URL variable so that we don't have to write it every time. ,---- | URL=https://dl.carbslinux.org/releases/x86_64 | wget $URL/carbs-rootfs.tar.xz.sha256 | sha256sum -c carbs-rootfs.tar.xz.sha256 `---- 2.1.2 Signature verification ---------------------------- It is highly recommended to verify the signature of the tarball. You will need the OpenBSD tool `signify(1)' for this. Many distributions provide a package for it, if you are using a Carbs Linux host, you can also install the package `otools' which provides `signify'. Download the signature first. ,---- | wget $URL/carbs-rootfs.tar.xz.sig `---- The signature file should say something similar to ,---- | untrusted comment: verify with carbslinux-2021.07.pub | RWQ79tImLgmmq5LjSRcelhb0lquuNXOVkLYuaqaH6kDTZAiU/mlc97recADvGJ6UuU38XANqes91KzWiJsncqC2q4SZQO09DWwA= `---- Grab the key (which probably should be the latest one) that is written on the file from so you can verify the signature. The latest Signify public key is also available on the [package repository], so you can check the validity of the public key from multiple locations, or just copy paste that portion to a file and use that instead. ,---- | PUBKEY=carbslinux-2021.07.pub | wget https://dl.carbslinux.org/keys/$PUBKEY `---- You can now verify the distribution tarball with signify. ,---- | signify -V -m carbs-rootfs.tar.xz -p $PUBKEY `---- If everything went alright, this should output: ,---- | Signature Verified `---- [package repository] 2.1.3 Extracting the tarball ---------------------------- You will need to extract the tarball to your desired location. For partitioning, you can follow [this guide]. This will assume that you will be mounting your root partition to `/mnt'. ,---- | mount /dev/sdx1 /mnt | tar xf carbs-rootfs.tar.xz -C /mnt `---- [this guide] 2.2 Chroot ~~~~~~~~~~ Chroot into Carbs Linux by running the chroot helper inside the rootfs! ,---- | /mnt/bin/cpt-chroot /mnt `---- 2.2.1 Setting up repositories ----------------------------- Newest tarballs do not come with repositories, so you will need to manually obtain them, and set your `CPT_PATH' environment variable. Carbs Linux repositories can either be obtained by `git' or `rsync'. While rsync repositories are overall faster and smaller, git offers the whole history of the repository and a means to manipulate your repository as you like it. If you want to obtain the git repository, you will need to install `git' itself. The following guide will assume that you put the repositories into `~/repos/' directory, but you can put the repositories into any directory you want. So go ahead and create that directory: ,---- | mkdir -p $HOME/repos `---- * 2.2.1.1 Obtaining from git Carbs Linux git repositories can be found both from the main server and GitHub (mirror). Here are both their repository links. You can clone any of them. - git://git.carbslinux.org/repository - ,---- | git clone git://git.carbslinux.org/repository $HOME/repos/carbs `---- * 2.2.1.2 Obtaining from rsync Carbs Linux rsync repositories live in rsync://carbslinux.org/repo. In order to obtain it, run the following: ,---- | rsync -avc rsync://carbslinux.org/repo $HOME/repos/carbs `---- * 2.2.1.3 Making the package manager use the repositories In your shell's configuration file, or in your `~/.profile' file, add the following lines: ,---- | CPT_PATH=$HOME/repos/carbs/core | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$HOME/repos/carbs/extra | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$HOME/repos/carbs/xorg | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$HOME/repos/carbs/community | export CPT_PATH `---- 2.2.2 Updating packages ----------------------- It is good practice to make sure your system is up to date, especially before building new packages. If there is an update for the package manager you will need to update twice. ,---- | cpt-update && cpt-update `---- 2.2.3 Installing packages ------------------------- Since you are operating on a really small base, you might need to build and install new programs to extend the functionality of your system. In order to build and install packages new packages in Carbs, you need to execute the following. "Package" is not actually a package and is given as an example. ,---- | cpt-build package | cpt-install package `---- 2.2.4 Essential Software ------------------------ Here is a small list of software that you might want to have on your system as you are setting up. You might want to check the *Software* section in the full documentation to learn more about other packaged software. *BOOTLOADERS* - efibootmgr - grub *FILESYSTEMS* - e2fsprogs - dosfstools - ntfs-3g *NETWORKING* - dhcpcd - wpa_supplicant *TEXT EDITORS* - nano - vim *DOCUMENTATION* - carbs-docs - man-pages - man-pages-posix 2.2.5 Obtaining the documentation --------------------------------- All the documentation for Carbs Linux can be found on a single info manual to be viewed offline. You can obtain either `texinfo' or the `info' packages in order to view the documentation. ,---- | # Install the documentation. | cpt b carbs-docs && cpt i carbs-docs | | # Install either texinfo or the info package. We will be installing standalone info | # as it doesn't need perl. | cpt b info && cpt i info | | # You can then run info and navigate through the documentation. | info carbslinux `---- 2.3 System Configuration ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ After you have finished installing some extra packages, you can configure your system to your liking. 2.3.1 Configuring hostname -------------------------- You might want to add a hostname, especially in a networked environment. Your hostname will default to 'carbslinux' unless you set this. ,---- | echo your-hostname > /etc/hostname `---- 2.3.2 Hosts file ---------------- You can edit your /etc/hosts file, which is the static lookup table for host names. By default, there are two entries for localhost which are OKAY. You can replace the 'localhost' part of these entries to your hostname. ,---- | 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost | ::1 localhost.localdomain localhost ip6-localhost `---- 2.4 Kernel ~~~~~~~~~~ Kernel isn't managed under the main repositories, even though you could package one for your personal use. Here is an [example kernel package], which you will need to reconfigure for your specific setup if you want to make use of it. [example kernel package] 2.4.1 Obtaining the kernel sources ---------------------------------- You can visit the website to choose a kernel that you want to install. Though only the latest stable and longterm (LTS) versions are supported. ,---- | # Download the kernel and extract it | wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.9.1.tar.xz | tar xf linux-5.9.1.tar.xz | | # Change directory into the kernel sources | cd linux-5.9.1 `---- 2.4.2 Kernel dependencies ------------------------- In order to compile the kernel you will need to install some dependencies. You will need `libelf', and `bison' to compile the kernel. If you want to configure using the menu interface you will also need `ncurses'. ,---- | # The package manager asks to install if you are building more than one package, | # so no need to run 'cpt i ...' | cpt b libelf ncurses `---- In the vanilla kernel sources, you need perl to compile the kernel, but it can be easily patched out. You will need to apply the following patch. Patch was written by [E5ten]. You will need to obtain and apply the patch in the kernel source directory. ,---- | wget https://dl.carbslinux.org/distfiles/kernel-no-perl.patch | patch -p1 < kernel-no-perl.patch `---- [E5ten] 2.4.3 Building the kernel ------------------------- Next step is configuring and building the kernel. You can check Gentoo's [kernel configuration guide] to learn more about the matter. Overall, Gentoo Wiki is a good place to learn about configuration according to your hardware. The following will assume a monolithic kernel. ,---- | make menuconfig | make | install -Dm755 $(make -s image_name) /boot/vmlinuz-linux `---- [kernel configuration guide] 2.5 Making your system bootable ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In order to be able to boot your fresh system, wou will need an init-daemon, init-scripts and a bootloader. The init daemon is already provided by busybox, but you can optionally change it. 2.5.1 Bootloader ---------------- In the main repository, there is efibootmgr and grub to serve as bootloaders. efibootmgr can be used as a standalone bootloader, or can be used to install grub in a UEFI environment. efibootmgr is needed unless you are using a device without UEFI support (or you really want to use BIOS for a reason). * 2.5.1.1 GRUB BIOS installation ,---- | cpt b grub && cpt i grub | grub-install --target=i386-pc /dev/sdX | grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg `---- * 2.5.1.2 GRUB UEFI installation ,---- | cpt b efibootmgr && cpt i efibootmgr | cpt b grub && cpt i grub | | grub-install --target=x86_64-efi \ | --efi-directory=esp \ | --bootloader-id=CarbsLinux | | grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg `---- 2.5.2 Init scripts ------------------ Only thing left to do is installing the init-scripts, and now you are almost ready to boot your system! ,---- | cpt b carbs-init && cpt i carbs-init `---- 2.5.3 Fstab ----------- You can now manually edit your fstab entry, or you can use the genfstab tool. If you want to use the tool, exit the chroot and run the following: ,---- | wget https://github.com/cemkeylan/genfstab/raw/master/genfstab | chmod +x genfstab | ./genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab `---- 2.6 Post-installation ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The base installation is now complete, you can now fine tune your system according to your needs. Rest of these instructions are completely optional. You can check the rest of the documentation to learn more about the system. 2.6.1 KISS repositories ----------------------- There have been recent changes to the `kiss' package manager that breaks compatibility with `cpt'. These changes throw away the entire premise of their "static" packaging system. `cpt' will never implement those changes, so don't expect any KISS package that was changed during or after July 2021 to work with `cpt'. 3 Software ========== The distribution aims to package essential and useful software needed in a practical system. If the repository lacks a package that you use, you may also easily package it yourself or request it to be added to the default repositories over on the IRC channel (`#carbslinux' on [Libera]). This section goes over the details of some packaged software [Libera] 3.1 Init System ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Carbs Linux init scripts are run by the init daemon (`busybox' by default) on boot and shutdown processes. It also provides its own halting program named shalt. This provides a portable method that doesn't rely on non-POSIX external programs. 3.1.1 Configuring Init ---------------------- There are three ways you can change the behaviour of the init system. Those are: - Kernel Command Line - `/etc/init/rc.conf' file - Init Hooks * 3.1.1.1 Kernel Command Line On GRUB, you can edit the kernel command line parameters, which will be parsed as variables on the init system. Not all of the parameters will be acted upon, but all of them will be set as variables on the init script. For example an example command line, and how it is interpreted. ,---- | BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 rw loglevel=3 quiet `---- This command line will be parsed to set the following variables: ,---- | BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz | root=/dev/sda2 | rw=1 | loglevel=3 | quiet=1 `---- Some of these variables, such as `rw=/=ro', `loglevel', and `quiet', will be used by the init system to change the behaviour of the startup. * 3.1.1.2 `/etc/init/rc.conf' file However, the kernel command line isn't the only place to set your boot parameters. You can specify variables here as well, although note that the kernel command line always gets the priority for these variables since they can be set just before boot. * 3.1.1.3 Init Hooks Init hooks are for custom personal commands that the user may want to add to alter their boot. These can be used to load kernel modules, modify interfaces, and lot more. Those hooks are added to the `/etc/init' directory with the hook name as the suffix. For example, a boot script will be placed as `/etc/init/my-hook.boot'. Currently, there are 4 hooks that the user can use. early-boot Run after pseudo-filesystems are mounted. boot Run before the boot stage is completed. pre.shutdown Run first when shutting down. umount Run just before filesystems are unmounted. post.shutdown Run just before the system is halted. 3.1.2 Changing Init Program --------------------------- By default, Carbs Linux comes preinstalled with `busybox-init', but this can easily be replaced without any issues. Currently, available init systems are: - `sinit' - `busybox' init - `runit' - `shinit' This example is for runit, but it will work with all init systems packaged in the distribution repositories. See the `cpt-alternatives(1)' manual page for more details. ,---- | cpt a runit /usr/bin/init | cpt a runit /usr/bin/poweroff | cpt a runit /usr/bin/reboot `---- * 3.1.2.1 Rebooting after changing init After switching init systems, your running init system may not accept the new poweroff commands. You will need to reboot/poweroff using the running init's utilities for the new utilities to work. These commands are for the init system currently running on your system and not the one you are switching to. Program Command -------------------------------- busybox `busybox reboot' runit `runit-init 6' shinit/sinit `kill -s INT 1' 3.2 TODO Display Systems ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Carbs Linux supports both Xorg and Wayland in the distribution repositories. This section serves as a guide to set up your preferred display server. Follow the subsection for the display server you want to setup. 3.2.1 Wayland ------------- Wayland is a modern display server protocol intended as a replacement for Xorg. Wayland has a much simpler architecture compared to X by its careful design and implementation. Users who want to use a Wayland compositor should follow this section. * 3.2.1.1 Enabling the Wayland repository The `wayland' repository requires packages from `xorg' and `extra' repositories. So you should set your `$CPT_PATH' so that `core' and `extra' repositories precede the `wayland' repository, and the `xorg' repository should come after `wayland'. Here is an example below, where `$REPOSITORY' points to the root of your repository. ,---- | CPT_PATH=$REPOSITORY/core | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$REPOSITORY/extra | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$REPOSITORY/wayland | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$REPOSITORY/xorg | export CPT_PATH `---- After you have enabled your repositories, go ahead and install `wayland' and `wayland-protocols' packages. ,---- | cpt-build wayland wayland-protocols `---- * 3.2.1.2 Switching from Xorg If you are already an Xorg user, you will need to rebuild some packages so that they support `wayland'. If you don't have an `xorg' system, feel free to skip this step. The packages that need a rebuild are: - gtk+3 - gtk4 - mesa - xorg-server (for Xwayland support) - webkit2gtk * 3.2.1.3 TODO Installing a Compositor The `wayland' repository currently only contains `sway' as a Wayland compositor, but you can package something else for your own. 4 Contribution Guidelines ========================= Thanks for taking your time to contribute! To maintain stylistic behaviour throughout the repositories, one must adhere to these conventions. Exceptions and changes may occur with good reasoning. 4.1 Conventions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [0010] Try to keep the file readable. [0011] Characters on a line shouldn't exceed 100 characters. [0012] Make sure you don't have code commented out during commit. Uncomment them or remove them completely. [0013] Do not add comments following the code, add them to the top of the code. It makes it harder to read, and lines longer. Here is an example: ,---- | # Good way of commenting. | your code goes here | | your code goes here # Avoid this way of commenting. `---- 4.1.1 Shell Conventions ----------------------- Shell is central to Carbs Linux projects. Most of the tools and packages are written in POSIX sh. [1010] Use 4 spaces for indentation, don't use tabs. [1020] Make sure you don't use bash-specific code. [1030] Make sure you lint your code with `shellcheck' and if you are new to POSIX sh, use `checkbashisms'. [1040] Don't spawn new processes if you don't absolutely need to, especially during string manipulation. [1041] Never use a program for text manupilation that isn't defined in the POSIX standard. This includes `gawk' and `perl'. [1042] Instead of `$(basename $file)', use `${file##*}'. [1043] Instead of `$(dirname $file)', use `${file%/*}'. ,---- | # This is the same thing as basename /path/to/test.asc .asc | | $ file=/path/to/test.asc file=${file##*/} file=${file%.asc} | $ echo $file | test `---- [1050] Instead of backticks, use `$(..)'. 4.1.2 Repository Conventions ---------------------------- Repository conventions are important in order to ensure every package resemble themselves. Here are the things to keep in mind: [2010] Prefer tarballs over git packages unless there is a sensible reason. Here are some: - Every patch is a new release. (See [vim]) - There are no releases. (See [sbase]) - Following a development branch. - There has been a long time since the latest release, but upstream is far ahead. [2020] Prefer sources without a dependency to `automake'. There are usually distribution tarballs that are `autoconf''ed. Don't submit tarballs with an automake dependency unless you are `sure' there is no alternative. [2030] Avoid these packages: dbus Usually can be disabled by `--disable-dbus'. gettext Usually can be disabled by `--disable-nls'. [2040] - Always install a package to the `/usr' prefix. - All binaries should go to `/usr/bin', not `/usr/sbin' or any other directory. - All libraries should go to `/usr/lib'. [2050] All build files on the repository should be a POSIX shell script, and must start with `#!/bin/sh -e'. The next section is about package templates that should be used in order to ensure stylistic consistency. Note that the option configurations shouldn't be taken literally, they are meant as examples. [vim] [sbase] * 4.1.2.1 Make [2210] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | make | make DESTDIR="$1" PREFIX=/usr install `---- * 4.1.2.2 Configure/Make [2211] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | ./configure \ | --prefix=/usr \ | --disable-option \ | --enable-option | | make | make DESTDIR="$1" install `---- * 4.1.2.3 Autoconf/Automake [2212] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | autoreconf -fi | | ./configure \ | --prefix=/usr \ | --disable-option \ | --enable-option | | make | make DESTDIR="$1" install `---- * 4.1.2.4 Meson [2220] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | export DESTDIR=$1 | | meson \ | --prefix=/usr \ | -Doption=false \ | -Doption2=true \ | . output | | ninja -C output | ninja -C output install `---- * 4.1.2.5 Cmake [2230] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | export DESTDIR=$1 | | cmake -B build \ | -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr \ | -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ | -DOPTION=ON | | cmake --build build | cmake --install build `---- * 4.1.2.6 Go [2240] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | export GOPATH=$PWD/gopath | trap "go clean -modcache" EXIT INT | go mod vendor | | go build | install -Dm755 program "$1/usr/bin/program" `---- * 4.1.2.7 Python [2241] ,---- | #!/bin/sh -e | | python setup.py build | python setup.py install --prefix=/usr --root="$1" `---- 5 GNU Free Documentation License ================================ Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 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To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 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TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. 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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: ,---- | Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover | Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU | Free Documentation License''. `---- If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: ,---- | with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with | the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts | being LIST. `---- If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.