path: root/carbslinux.txt

		       _________________________

			CARBS LINUX USER MANUAL

			       Cem Keylan
		       _________________________


Table of Contents
_________________

1. Copying
2. Installation
.. 1. Preparing Environment
..... 1. Download
..... 2. Signature verification
..... 3. Extracting the tarball
.. 2. Chroot
..... 1. Setting up repositories
..... 2. Updating packages
..... 3. Installing packages
..... 4. Essential Software
..... 5. Obtaining the documentation
.. 3. System Configuration
..... 1. Configuring hostname
..... 2. Hosts file
.. 4. Kernel
..... 1. Obtaining the kernel sources
..... 2. Kernel dependencies
..... 3. Building the kernel
.. 5. Making your system bootable
..... 1. Bootloader
..... 2. Init scripts
..... 3. Fstab
.. 6. Post-installation
..... 1. IRC
..... 2. KISS repositories
3. Software
.. 1. Init System
..... 1. Configuring Init
..... 2. Changing Init Program
.. 2. TODO Display Systems
..... 1. Wayland
4. Contribution Guidelines
.. 1. Conventions
..... 1. Shell Conventions
..... 2. Repository Conventions
5. GNU Free Documentation License


This is the full documentation of [Carbs Linux], from the details of the
distribution, installation, to the package manager. It is not yet
complete.

You can build and install the 'info' package in order to view this documentation
with the info reader. It is divided into sections and easier to read.


[Carbs Linux] <https://carbslinux.org>


1 Copying
=========

  Copyright (c) 2020 Cem Keylan

        Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
        this document under the terms of the GNU Free
        Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version
        published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
        Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts and no
        Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in
        the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."


2 Installation
==============

  These are the step-by-step instructions for installing Carbs Linux. It
  can be acquired as plain-text to be viewed offline with a pager from
  <https://carbslinux.org/install.txt>.

  ,----
  | curl -sL https://carbslinux.org/install.txt | less
  `----

  .. 1. Preparing Environment
  ..... 1. Download
  ..... 2. Signature verification
  ..... 3. Extracting the tarball
  .. 2. Chroot
  ..... 1. Setting up repositories
  ..... 2. Updating packages
  ..... 3. Installing packages
  ..... 4. Essential Software
  ..... 5. Obtaining the documentation
  .. 3. System Configuration
  ..... 1. Configuring hostname
  ..... 2. Hosts file
  .. 4. Kernel
  ..... 1. Obtaining the kernel sources
  ..... 2. Kernel dependencies
  ..... 3. Building the kernel
  .. 5. Making your system bootable
  ..... 1. Bootloader
  ..... 2. Init scripts
  ..... 3. Fstab
  .. 6. Post-installation
  ..... 1. IRC
  ..... 2. KISS repositories


2.1 Preparing Environment
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  To install Carbs Linux, you will need a Live Linux ISO. For that
  purpose, you can obtain a Gentoo or Void Linux live image. You can
  follow their instructions to boot and setup your network.

  You will need the following programs in order to install Carbs Linux:

  - tar
  - wget
  - xz
  - some form of base utilities (coreutils, sbase, busybox, etc.)

  Rest of these instructions will assume that you have set all of these
  up, and will continue on that point.


2.1.1 Download
--------------

  First, we need to download the rootfs tarball. You can do the
  following in order to obtain the rootfs. If you are using an i686
  machine, replace the `x86_64' with `i686'. We are setting this in a
  URL variable so that we don't have to write it every time.

  ,----
  | URL=https://dl.carbslinux.org/releases/x86_64
  | wget $URL/carbs-rootfs.tar.xz.sha256
  | sha256sum -c carbs-rootfs.tar.xz.sha256
  `----


2.1.2 Signature verification
----------------------------

  It is highly recommended to verify the signature of the tarball. You
  will need the OpenBSD tool `signify(1)' for this. Many distributions
  provide a package for it, if you are using a Carbs Linux host, you can
  also install the package `otools' which provides `signify'. Download
  the signature first.

  ,----
  | wget $URL/carbs-rootfs.tar.xz.sig
  `----

  The signature file should say something similar to

  ,----
  | untrusted comment: verify with carbslinux-2021.08.pub
  | RWTK4GFDD7JiohUHBeJXuKw+/P3K4ZRR8jQud0iOxNDbn7WCFxQsxt9FUNSEiXfLjkm1Ez8c3esRG8oydrsFUFpBGtekFt5obgo=
  `----


  Grab the key (which probably should be the latest one) that is written
  on the file from <https://dl.carbslinux.org/keys/> so you can verify
  the signature. The latest Signify public key is also available on the
  [package repository], so you can check the validity of the public key
  from multiple locations, or just copy paste that portion to a file and
  use that instead.

  ,----
  | PUBKEY=carbslinux-2021.08.pub
  | wget https://dl.carbslinux.org/keys/$PUBKEY
  `----

  You can now verify the distribution tarball with signify.

  ,----
  | signify -V -m carbs-rootfs.tar.xz -p $PUBKEY
  `----

  If everything went alright, this should output:

  ,----
  | Signature Verified
  `----


[package repository] <https://git.carbslinux.org/repository>


2.1.3 Extracting the tarball
----------------------------

  You will need to extract the tarball to your desired location. For
  partitioning, you can follow [this guide]. This will assume that you
  will be mounting your root partition to `/mnt'.

  ,----
  | mount /dev/sdx1 /mnt
  | tar xf carbs-rootfs.tar.xz -C /mnt
  `----


[this guide] <https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Partitioning>


2.2 Chroot
~~~~~~~~~~

  Chroot into Carbs Linux by running the chroot helper inside the
  rootfs!

  ,----
  | /mnt/bin/cpt-chroot /mnt
  `----


2.2.1 Setting up repositories
-----------------------------

  Newest tarballs do not come with repositories, so you will need to
  manually obtain them, and set your `CPT_PATH' environment
  variable. Carbs Linux repositories can either be obtained by `git' or
  `rsync'. While rsync repositories are overall faster and smaller, git
  offers the whole history of the repository and a means to manipulate
  your repository as you like it. If you want to obtain the git
  repository, you will need to install `git' itself.

  The following guide will assume that you put the repositories into
  `~/repos/' directory, but you can put the repositories into any
  directory you want. So go ahead and create that directory:

  ,----
  | mkdir -p $HOME/repos
  `----


* 2.2.1.1 Obtaining from git

  Carbs Linux git repositories can be found both from the main server
  and GitHub (mirror). Here are both their repository links. You can
  clone any of them.

  - <https://git.carbslinux.org/repository>
  - <https://git.sr.ht/~carbslinux/repository>

  ,----
  | git clone git://git.carbslinux.org/repository $HOME/repos/carbs
  `----


* 2.2.1.2 Obtaining from rsync

  Carbs Linux rsync repositories live in rsync://carbslinux.org/repo. In
  order to obtain it, run the following:

  ,----
  | rsync -avc rsync://carbslinux.org/repo $HOME/repos/carbs
  `----


* 2.2.1.3 Making the package manager use the repositories

  In your shell's configuration file, or in your `~/.profile' file, add
  the following lines:

  ,----
  | CPT_PATH=$HOME/repos/carbs/core
  | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$HOME/repos/carbs/extra
  | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$HOME/repos/carbs/xorg
  | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$HOME/repos/carbs/community
  | export CPT_PATH
  `----


2.2.2 Updating packages
-----------------------

  It is good practice to make sure your system is up to date, especially
  before building new packages. If there is an update for the package
  manager you will need to update twice.

  ,----
  | cpt-update && cpt-update
  `----


2.2.3 Installing packages
-------------------------

  Since you are operating on a really small base, you might need to
  build and install new programs to extend the functionality of your
  system. In order to build and install packages new packages in Carbs,
  you need to execute the following. "Package" is not actually a package
  and is given as an example.

  ,----
  | cpt-build   package
  | cpt-install package
  `----


2.2.4 Essential Software
------------------------

  Here is a small list of software that you might want to have on your
  system as you are setting up. You might want to check the *Software*
  section in the full documentation to learn more about other packaged
  software.

  *BOOTLOADERS*

  - efibootmgr
  - grub

  *FILESYSTEMS*

  - e2fsprogs
  - dosfstools
  - ntfs-3g

  *NETWORKING*

  - dhcpcd
  - wpa_supplicant

  *TEXT EDITORS*

  - nano
  - vim

  *DOCUMENTATION*

  - carbs-docs
  - man-pages
  - man-pages-posix


2.2.5 Obtaining the documentation
---------------------------------

  All the documentation for Carbs Linux can be found on a single info
  manual to be viewed offline. You can obtain either `texinfo' or the
  `info' packages in order to view the documentation.

  ,----
  | # Install the documentation.
  | cpt b carbs-docs && cpt i carbs-docs
  | 
  | # Install either texinfo or the info package. We will be installing standalone info
  | # as it doesn't need perl.
  | cpt b info && cpt i info
  | 
  | # You can then run info and navigate through the documentation.
  | info carbslinux
  `----


2.3 System Configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  After you have finished installing some extra packages, you can
  configure your system to your liking.


2.3.1 Configuring hostname
--------------------------

  You might want to add a hostname, especially in a networked
  environment. Your hostname will default to 'carbslinux' unless you set
  this.

  ,----
  | echo your-hostname > /etc/hostname
  `----


2.3.2 Hosts file
----------------

  You can edit your /etc/hosts file, which is the static lookup table
  for host names. By default, there are two entries for localhost which
  are OKAY. You can replace the 'localhost' part of these entries to
  your hostname.

  ,----
  | 127.0.0.1  localhost.localdomain localhost
  | ::1        localhost.localdomain localhost ip6-localhost
  `----


2.4 Kernel
~~~~~~~~~~

  Kernel isn't managed under the main repositories, even though you
  could package one for your personal use. Here is an [example kernel
  package], which you will need to reconfigure for your specific setup
  if you want to make use of it.


[example kernel package]
<https://github.com/cemkeylan/kiss-repository/tree/master/personal/linux>

2.4.1 Obtaining the kernel sources
----------------------------------

  You can visit the <https://kernel.org> website to choose a kernel that
  you want to install. Though only the latest stable and longterm (LTS)
  versions are supported.

  ,----
  | # Download the kernel and extract it
  | wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.9.1.tar.xz
  | tar xf linux-5.9.1.tar.xz
  | 
  | # Change directory into the kernel sources
  | cd linux-5.9.1
  `----


2.4.2 Kernel dependencies
-------------------------

  In order to compile the kernel you will need to install some
  dependencies. You will need `libelf', and `bison' to compile the
  kernel. If you want to configure using the menu interface you will
  also need `ncurses'.

  ,----
  | # The package manager asks to install if you are building more than one package,
  | # so no need to run 'cpt i ...'
  | cpt b libelf ncurses
  `----

  In the vanilla kernel sources, you need perl to compile the kernel,
  but it can be easily patched out. You will need to apply the following
  patch. Patch was written by [E5ten]. You will need to obtain and apply
  the patch in the kernel source directory.

  ,----
  | wget https://dl.carbslinux.org/distfiles/kernel-no-perl.patch
  | patch -p1 < kernel-no-perl.patch
  `----


[E5ten] <https://github.com/E5ten>


2.4.3 Building the kernel
-------------------------

  Next step is configuring and building the kernel. You can check
  Gentoo's [kernel configuration guide] to learn more about the
  matter. Overall, Gentoo Wiki is a good place to learn about
  configuration according to your hardware. The following will assume a
  monolithic kernel.

  ,----
  | make menuconfig
  | make
  | install -Dm755 $(make -s image_name) /boot/vmlinuz-linux
  `----


[kernel configuration guide]
<https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Kernel/Configuration>


2.5 Making your system bootable
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  In order to be able to boot your fresh system, wou will need an
  init-daemon, init-scripts and a bootloader. The init daemon is already
  provided by busybox, but you can optionally change it.


2.5.1 Bootloader
----------------

  In the main repository, there is efibootmgr and grub to serve as
  bootloaders.  efibootmgr can be used as a standalone bootloader, or
  can be used to install grub in a UEFI environment. efibootmgr is
  needed unless you are using a device without UEFI support (or you
  really want to use BIOS for a reason).


* 2.5.1.1 GRUB BIOS installation

  ,----
  | cpt b grub && cpt i grub
  | grub-install --target=i386-pc /dev/sdX
  | grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
  `----


* 2.5.1.2 GRUB UEFI installation

  ,----
  | cpt b efibootmgr && cpt i efibootmgr
  | cpt b grub && cpt i grub
  | 
  | grub-install --target=x86_64-efi \
  | 	     --efi-directory=esp \
  | 	     --bootloader-id=CarbsLinux
  | 
  | grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
  `----


2.5.2 Init scripts
------------------

  Only thing left to do is installing the init-scripts, and now you are
  almost ready to boot your system!

  ,----
  | cpt b carbs-init && cpt i carbs-init
  `----


2.5.3 Fstab
-----------

  You can now manually edit your fstab entry, or you can use the
  genfstab tool.  If you want to use the tool, exit the chroot and run
  the following:

  ,----
  | wget https://github.com/cemkeylan/genfstab/raw/master/genfstab
  | chmod +x genfstab
  | ./genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
  `----


2.6 Post-installation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  The base installation is now complete, you can now fine tune your
  system according to your needs. Rest of these instructions are
  completely optional.  You can check the rest of the documentation to
  learn more about the system.


2.6.1 IRC
---------

  The IRC channel for Carbs Linux is located in `#carbslinux' on
  [libera.chat]. You can install the `catgirl' package from the
  repository, or use a client of your preference to join. Feel free to
  ask for help, or have a general chat.


[libera.chat] <https://libera.chat>


2.6.2 KISS repositories
-----------------------

  There have been recent changes to the `kiss' package manager that
  breaks compatibility with `cpt'. These changes throw away the entire
  premise of their "static" packaging system. `cpt' will never implement
  those changes, so don't expect any KISS package that was changed
  during or after July 2021 to work with `cpt'.


3 Software
==========

  The distribution aims to package essential and useful software needed
  in a practical system. If the repository lacks a package that you use,
  you may also easily package it yourself or request it to be added to
  the default repositories over on the IRC channel (`#carbslinux' on
  [Libera]).

  This section goes over the details of some packaged software


[Libera] <https://libera.chat>

3.1 Init System
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Carbs Linux init scripts are run by the init daemon (`busybox' by
  default) on boot and shutdown processes. It also provides its own
  halting program named shalt. This provides a portable method that
  doesn't rely on non-POSIX external programs.


3.1.1 Configuring Init
----------------------

  There are three ways you can change the behaviour of the init
  system. Those are:

  - Kernel Command Line
  - `/etc/init/rc.conf' file
  - Init Hooks


* 3.1.1.1 Kernel Command Line

  On GRUB, you can edit the kernel command line parameters, which will
  be parsed as variables on the init system. Not all of the parameters
  will be acted upon, but all of them will be set as variables on the
  init script. For example an example command line, and how it is
  interpreted.

  ,----
  | BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 rw loglevel=3 quiet
  `----

  This command line will be parsed to set the following variables:

  ,----
  | BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz
  | root=/dev/sda2
  | rw=1
  | loglevel=3
  | quiet=1
  `----

  Some of these variables, such as `rw=/=ro', `loglevel', and `quiet',
  will be used by the init system to change the behaviour of the
  startup.


* 3.1.1.2 `/etc/init/rc.conf' file

  However, the kernel command line isn't the only place to set your boot
  parameters. You can specify variables here as well, although note that
  the kernel command line always gets the priority for these variables
  since they can be set just before boot.


* 3.1.1.3 Init Hooks

  Init hooks are for custom personal commands that the user may want to
  add to alter their boot. These can be used to load kernel modules,
  modify interfaces, and lot more. Those hooks are added to the
  `/etc/init' directory with the hook name as the suffix. For example, a
  boot script will be placed as `/etc/init/my-hook.boot'. Currently,
  there are 4 hooks that the user can use.

  early-boot
        Run after pseudo-filesystems are mounted.
  boot
        Run before the boot stage is completed.
  pre.shutdown
        Run first when shutting down.
  umount
        Run just before filesystems are unmounted.
  post.shutdown
        Run just before the system is halted.


3.1.2 Changing Init Program
---------------------------

  By default, Carbs Linux comes preinstalled with `busybox-init', but
  this can easily be replaced without any issues. Currently, available
  init systems are:

  - `sinit'
  - `busybox' init
  - `runit'
  - `shinit'

  This example is for runit, but it will work with all init systems
  packaged in the distribution repositories. See the
  `cpt-alternatives(1)' manual page for more details.

  ,----
  | cpt a runit /usr/bin/init
  | cpt a runit /usr/bin/poweroff
  | cpt a runit /usr/bin/reboot
  `----


* 3.1.2.1 Rebooting after changing init

  After switching init systems, your running init system may not accept
  the new poweroff commands. You will need to reboot/poweroff using the
  running init's utilities for the new utilities to work. These commands
  are for the init system currently running on your system and not the
  one you are switching to.

   Program       Command          
  --------------------------------
   busybox       `busybox reboot' 
   runit         `runit-init 6'   
   shinit/sinit  `kill -s INT 1'  


3.2 TODO Display Systems
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  Carbs Linux supports both Xorg and Wayland in the distribution
  repositories.  This section serves as a guide to set up your preferred
  display server. Follow the subsection for the display server you want
  to setup.


3.2.1 Wayland
-------------

  Wayland is a modern display server protocol intended as a replacement
  for Xorg.  Wayland has a much simpler architecture compared to X by
  its careful design and implementation. Users who want to use a Wayland
  compositor should follow this section.


* 3.2.1.1 Enabling the Wayland repository

  The `wayland' repository requires packages from `xorg' and `extra'
  repositories.  So you should set your `$CPT_PATH' so that `core' and
  `extra' repositories precede the `wayland' repository, and the `xorg'
  repository should come after `wayland'. Here is an example below,
  where `$REPOSITORY' points to the root of your repository.

  ,----
  | CPT_PATH=$REPOSITORY/core
  | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$REPOSITORY/extra
  | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$REPOSITORY/wayland
  | CPT_PATH=$CPT_PATH:$REPOSITORY/xorg
  | export CPT_PATH
  `----

  After you have enabled your repositories, go ahead and install
  `wayland' and `wayland-protocols' packages.

  ,----
  | cpt-build wayland wayland-protocols
  `----


* 3.2.1.2 Switching from Xorg

  If you are already an Xorg user, you will need to rebuild some
  packages so that they support `wayland'. If you don't have an `xorg'
  system, feel free to skip this step. The packages that need a rebuild
  are:

  - gtk+3
  - gtk4
  - mesa
  - xorg-server (for Xwayland support)
  - webkit2gtk


* 3.2.1.3 TODO Installing a Compositor

  The `wayland' repository currently only contains `sway' as a Wayland
  compositor, but you can package something else for your own.


4 Contribution Guidelines
=========================

  Thanks for taking your time to contribute! To maintain stylistic
  behaviour throughout the repositories, one must adhere to these
  conventions. Exceptions and changes may occur with good reasoning.


4.1 Conventions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  [0010]
        Try to keep the file readable.
        [0011]
              Characters on a line shouldn't exceed 100 characters.
        [0012]
              Make sure you don't have code commented out during
              commit. Uncomment them or remove them completely.
        [0013]
              Do not add comments following the code, add them to the
              top of the code. It makes it harder to read, and lines
              longer. Here is an example:

        ,----
        | # Good way of commenting.
        | your code goes here
        | 
        | your code goes here  # Avoid this way of commenting.
        `----


4.1.1 Shell Conventions
-----------------------

  Shell is central to Carbs Linux projects. Most of the tools and
  packages are written in POSIX sh.

  [1010]
        Use 4 spaces for indentation, don't use tabs.
  [1020]
        Make sure you don't use bash-specific code.
  [1030]
        Make sure you lint your code with `shellcheck' and if you are
        new to POSIX sh, use `checkbashisms'.
  [1040]
        Don't spawn new processes if you don't absolutely need to,
        especially during string manipulation.
        [1041]
              Never use a program for text manupilation that isn't
              defined in the POSIX standard. This includes `gawk' and
              `perl'.
        [1042]
              Instead of `$(basename $file)', use `${file##*}'.
        [1043]
              Instead of `$(dirname $file)', use `${file%/*}'.

        ,----
        | # This is the same thing as basename /path/to/test.asc .asc
        | 
        | $ file=/path/to/test.asc file=${file##*/} file=${file%.asc}
        | $ echo $file
        | test
        `----
  [1050]
        Instead of backticks, use `$(..)'.


4.1.2 Repository Conventions
----------------------------

  Repository conventions are important in order to ensure every package
  resemble themselves. Here are the things to keep in mind:

  [2010]
        Prefer tarballs over git packages unless there is a sensible
        reason. Here are some:
        - Every patch is a new release. (See [vim])
        - There are no releases. (See [sbase])
        - Following a development branch.
        - There has been a long time since the latest release, but
          upstream is far ahead.
  [2020]
        Prefer sources without a dependency to `automake'. There are
        usually distribution tarballs that are `autoconf''ed. Don't
        submit tarballs with an automake dependency unless you are
        `sure' there is no alternative.
  [2030]
        Avoid these packages:
        dbus   
              Usually can be disabled by `--disable-dbus'.
        gettext
              Usually can be disabled by `--disable-nls'.
  [2040]
        - Always install a package to the `/usr' prefix.
        - All binaries should go to `/usr/bin', not `/usr/sbin' or any
          other directory.
        - All libraries should go to `/usr/lib'.
  [2050]
        All build files on the repository should be a POSIX shell
        script, and must start with `#!/bin/sh -e'.

  The next section is about package templates that should be used in
  order to ensure stylistic consistency. Note that the option
  configurations shouldn't be taken literally, they are meant as
  examples.


[vim] <https://github.com/vim/vim>

[sbase] <https://git.suckless.org/sbase>

* 4.1.2.1 Make [2210]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | make
  | make DESTDIR="$1" PREFIX=/usr install
  `----


* 4.1.2.2 Configure/Make [2211]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | ./configure \
  |     --prefix=/usr \
  |     --disable-option \
  |     --enable-option
  | 
  | make
  | make DESTDIR="$1" install
  `----


* 4.1.2.3 Autoconf/Automake [2212]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | autoreconf -fi
  | 
  | ./configure \
  |     --prefix=/usr \
  |     --disable-option \
  |     --enable-option
  | 
  | make
  | make DESTDIR="$1" install
  `----


* 4.1.2.4 Meson [2220]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | export DESTDIR=$1
  | 
  | meson \
  |     --prefix=/usr \
  |     -Doption=false \
  |     -Doption2=true \
  |     . output
  | 
  | ninja -C output
  | ninja -C output install
  `----


* 4.1.2.5 Cmake [2230]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | export DESTDIR=$1
  | 
  | cmake -B build \
  |     -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr \
  |     -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
  |     -DOPTION=ON
  | 
  | cmake --build   build
  | cmake --install build
  `----


* 4.1.2.6 Go [2240]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | export GOPATH=$PWD/gopath
  | trap "go clean -modcache" EXIT INT
  | go mod vendor
  | 
  | go build
  | install -Dm755 program "$1/usr/bin/program"
  `----


* 4.1.2.7 Python [2241]

  ,----
  | #!/bin/sh -e
  | 
  | python setup.py build
  | python setup.py install --prefix=/usr --root="$1"
  `----


5 GNU Free Documentation License
================================

  		     Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

        Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
        <http://fsf.org/>

        Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
        of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author
     and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being
     considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept
     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
     requiring permission under copyright law.

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
     any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
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     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
     "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
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     processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
     of the Document to the public.

     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
     conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
     Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
     the Modified Version:

     1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
        distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
        versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
        History section of the Document). You may use the same title as
        a previous version if the original publisher of that version
        gives permission.

     2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
        entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
        Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
        authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
        fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.

     3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
        Modified Version, as the publisher.

     4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

     5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
        adjacent to the other copyright notices.

     6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
        notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version
        under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
        Addendum below.

     7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
        Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
        license notice.

     8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

     9. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and
        add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors,
        and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
        Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document,
        create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of
        the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
        describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
        sentence.

     10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
         for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
         likewise the network locations given in the Document for
         previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
         "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
         that was published at least four years before the Document
         itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
         to gives permission.

     11. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
         Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
         all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
         acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

     12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
         in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
         equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

     13. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may
         not be included in the Modified Version.

     14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
         "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
         Section.

     15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
     section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text
     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
     definition of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
     the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
     in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
     document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
     storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
     otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
     and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

     However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
     license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
     finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
     copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
     reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

     Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
     reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
     violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
     received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
     that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
     after your receipt of the notice.

     Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
     under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not
     permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
     same material does not give you any rights to use it.

  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

      The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
      the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
      versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
      differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
      <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.

      Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
      number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
      version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
      have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
      that specified version or of any later version that has been
      published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If
      the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
      you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
      Free Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy
      can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
      proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
      authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

  11. RELICENSING

      "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
      World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
      provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
      public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
      A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
      site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the
      MMC site.

      "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
      license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a
      not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in
      San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of
      that license published by that same organization.

      "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole
      or in part, as part of another Document.

      An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
      License, and if all works that were first published under this
      License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
      incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
      texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
      to November 1, 2008.

      The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
      site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
      2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.


ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

  To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
  the License in the document and put the following copyright and
  license notices just after the title page:

  ,----
  | Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
  | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  | with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  | Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  | Free Documentation License''.
  `----

  If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
  Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

  ,----
  | with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
  | the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
  | being LIST.
  `----

  If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
  combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
  situation.

  If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
  recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
  free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
  permit their use in free software.