# vi: set sw=4 ts=4: =head1 NAME BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux =head1 SYNTAX BusyBox [arguments...] # or [arguments...] # if symlinked =head1 DESCRIPTION BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils, grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae). =head1 USAGE When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself has been invoked. For example, entering ln -s ./BusyBox ls ./ls will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled into BusyBox). You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering ./BusyBox ls will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'. =head1 COMMON OPTIONS Most BusyBox commands support the B<--help> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. =head1 COMMANDS Currently defined functions include: ar, basename, busybox, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cmp, cp, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dutmp, echo, expr, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, getopt, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid, hostname, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc, nslookup, ping, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, reboot, renice, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpmunpack, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep, sort, stty, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, unix2dos, update, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, watchdog, wc, wget, which, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, [ =over 4 =item B adjtimex [B<-q>] [B<-o> offset] [B<-f> frequency] [B<-p> timeconstant] [B<-t> tick] Reads and optionally sets system timebase parameters. See adjtimex(2). Options: -q quiet mode - do not print -o offset time offset, microseconds -f frequency frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm) (positive values make the system clock run fast) -t tick microseconds per tick, usually 10000 -p timeconstant ------------------------------- =item B ar -[ovR]{ptx} archive filenames Extract or list files from an ar archive. Options: -o preserve original dates -p extract to stdout -t list -x extract -v verbosely list files processed -R recursive action ------------------------------- =item B basename FILE [SUFFIX] Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes any trailing SUFFIX. Example: $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo foo $ basename /usr/local/bin/ bin $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt bar ------------------------------- =item B cat [FILE]... Concatenates FILE(s) and prints them to stdout. Example: $ cat /proc/uptime 110716.72 17.67 ------------------------------- =item B chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP. Options: -R Changes files and directories recursively. Example: $ ls -l /tmp/foo -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo $ chgrp root /tmp/foo $ ls -l /tmp/foo -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo ------------------------------- =item B chmod [B<-R>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE... Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst. Options: -R Changes files and directories recursively. Example: $ ls -l /tmp/foo -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo $ ls -l /tmp/foo -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo* $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo $ ls -l /tmp/foo -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo ------------------------------- =item B chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP]] FILE... Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. Options: -R Changes files and directories recursively. Example: $ ls -l /tmp/foo -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo $ chown root /tmp/foo $ ls -l /tmp/foo -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo $ chown root.root /tmp/foo ls -l /tmp/foo -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo ------------------------------- =item B chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...] Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Example: $ ls -l /bin/ls lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix $ chroot /mnt $ ls -l /bin/ls -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls* ------------------------------- =item B chvt N Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN ------------------------------- =item B clear Clear screen. ------------------------------- =item B cmp FILE1 [FILE2] Compare files. ------------------------------- =item B cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. -a Same as -dpR -d Preserves links -p Preserves file attributes if possible -f force (implied; ignored) - always set -R Copies directories recursively ------------------------------- =item B cut [OPTION]... [FILE]... Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output. Options: -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST -c LIST Output only characters from LIST -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter -s Output only the lines containing delimiter -f N Print only these fields -n Ignored Example: $ echo Hello world | cut -f 1 -d ' ' Hello $ echo Hello world | cut -f 2 -d ' ' world ------------------------------- =item B date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date. Options: -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string -d STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -s Sets time described by STRING -u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time Example: $ date Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000 ------------------------------- =item B dc expression ... This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. i.e. 'dc 2 2 add' -> 4, and 'dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /' -> 16 Example: $ dc 2 2 + 4 $ dc 8 8 * 2 2 + / 16 $ dc 0 1 and 0 $ dc 0 1 or 1 $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc 64 ------------------------------- =item B
dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|sync] Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout bs=N read and write N bytes at a time count=N copy only N input blocks skip=N skip N input blocks seek=N skip N output blocks conv=notrunc don't truncate output file conv=sync pad blocks with zeros Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024), MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824). Example: $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4 4+0 records in 4+0 records out ------------------------------- =item B deallocvt N Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN ------------------------------- =item B df [B<-hmk>] [filesystem ...] Print the filesystem space used and space available. Options: -h print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G ) -m print sizes in megabytes -k print sizes in kilobytes(default) Example: $ df Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% / /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot $ df /dev/sda3 Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% / ------------------------------- =item B dirname [FILENAME ...] Strips non-directory suffix from FILENAME Example: $ dirname /tmp/foo /tmp $ dirname /tmp/foo/ /tmp ------------------------------- =item B dmesg [B<-c>] [B<-n> LEVEL] [B<-s> SIZE] Prints or controls the kernel ring buffer Options: -c Clears the ring buffer's contents after printing -n LEVEL Sets console logging level -s SIZE Use a buffer of size SIZE ------------------------------- =item B dos2unix [option] [file] Converts a text file to/from dos format to unix format. Options: -u output will be in UNIX format -d output will be in DOS format - when no option is given then input format will be automaticaly detected and converted to the oposite format on output - when no file is given, then stdin is used as input and stdout as output ------------------------------- =item B dpkg [B<-i>|B<-r>|-B<-unpack>|-B<-configure>] my.deb WORK IN PROGRESS, only usefull for debian-installer ------------------------------- =item B dpkg_deb [B<-cexX>] file directory Perform actions on debian packages (.debs) Options: -c List contents of filesystem tree (verbose) -l List contents of filesystem tree (.list format) -e Extract control files to directory -x Exctract packages filesystem tree to directory -X Verbose extract Example: $ dpkg-deb -X ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb /tmp ------------------------------- =item B du [B<-lshmk>] [FILE]... Summarizes disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes. Options: -l count sizes many times if hard linked -s display only a total for each argument -h print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G ) -m print sizes in megabytes -k print sizes in kilobytes(default) Example: $ du 16 ./CVS 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS 80 ./kernel-patches 12 ./tests/CVS 36 ./tests 12 ./scripts/CVS 16 ./scripts 12 ./docs/CVS 104 ./docs 2417 . ------------------------------- =item B dumpkmap > keymap Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output. Example: $ dumpkmap > keymap ------------------------------- =item B dutmp [FILE] Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout. (i.e. 'dutmp /var/run/utmp') Example: $ dutmp /var/run/utmp 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0 ------------------------------- =item B echo [B<-neE>] [ARG ...] Prints the specified ARGs to stdout Options: -n suppress trailing newline -e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc) -E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters Example: $ echo Erik is cool Erik is cool $ echo -e Erik is cool Erik is cool $ echo Erik is cool Erik is cool ------------------------------- =item B env [-] [B<-iu>] [name=value ...] [command] Prints the current environment or runs a program after setting up the specified environment. Options: -, -i start with an empty environment -u remove variable from the environment ------------------------------- =item B expr EXPRESSION Prints the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING quote TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. ------------------------------- =item B false Return an exit code of FALSE (1). Example: $ false $ echo $? 1 ------------------------------- =item B fbset [options] [mode] Show and modify frame buffer settings Example: $ fbset mode 1024x768-76 # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16 timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4 accel false rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0 endmode ------------------------------- =item B fdflush DEVICE Forces floppy disk drive to detect disk change ------------------------------- =item B find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION] Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is 'B<-print>' EXPRESSION may consist of: -follow Dereference symbolic links. -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN. -print Print (default and assumed). -type X Filetype matches X (where X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...) -perm PERMS Permissions match any of (+NNN); all of (-NNN); or exactly (NNN) -mtime TIME Modified time is greater than (+N); less than (-N); or exactly (N) days Example: $ find / -name /etc/passwd /etc/passwd ------------------------------- =item B free Displays the amount of free and used system memory Example: $ free total used free shared buffers Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124 Swap: 128516 8404 120112 Total: 386144 257128 129016 ------------------------------- =item B freeramdisk DEVICE Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk. Example: $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2 ------------------------------- =item B fsck_minix [B<-larvsmf>] /dev/name Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems. Options: -l Lists all filenames -r Perform interactive repairs -a Perform automatic repairs -v verbose -s Outputs super-block information -m Activates MINIX-like mode not cleared warnings -f Force file system check. ------------------------------- =item B getopt [OPTIONS]... Parse command options -a, --alternative Allow long options starting with single - -l, --longoptions=longopts Long options to be recognized -n, --name=progname The name under which errors are reported -o, --options=optstring Short options to be recognized -q, --quiet Disable error reporting by getopt(3) -Q, --quiet-output No normal output -s, --shell=shell Set shell quoting conventions -T, --test Test for getopt(1) version -u, --unqote Do not quote the output Example: $ cat getopt.test #!/bin/sh GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \ -n 'example.busybox' -- $@` if [ $? != 0 ] ; then exit 1 ; fi eval set -- $GETOPT while true ; do case $1 in -a|--a-long) echo Option a ; shift ;; -b|--b-long) echo Option b, argument `$2' ; shift 2 ;; -c|--c-long) case $2 in \) echo Option c, no argument; shift 2 ;; *) echo Option c, argument `$2' ; shift 2 ;; esac ;; --) shift ; break ;; *) echo Internal error! ; exit 1 ;; esac done ------------------------------- =item B grep [B<-ihHnqvs>] pattern [files...] Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input. Options: -H prefix output lines with filename where match was found -h suppress the prefixing filename on output -i ignore case distinctions -n print line number with output lines -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise -v select non-matching lines -s suppress file open/read error messages Example: $ grep root /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash ------------------------------- =item B gunzip [OPTION]... FILE Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-'). Options: -c Write output to standard output -t Test compressed file integrity Example: $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar ------------------------------- =item B gzip [OPTION]... FILE Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard input. Implies B<-c>. Options: -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz -d decompress Example: $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz ------------------------------- =item B halt Halt the system. ------------------------------- =item B head [OPTION] [FILE]... Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Options: -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10 Example: $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh ------------------------------- =item B hostid Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine. ------------------------------- =item B hostname [OPTION] {hostname | B<-F> file} Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a file with the B<-F> parameter), the host name will be set. Options: -s Short -i Addresses for the hostname -d DNS domain name -F, --file FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname Example: $ hostname slag ------------------------------- =item B id [OPTIONS]... [USERNAME] Print information for USERNAME or the current user Options: -g prints only the group ID -u prints only the user ID -n print a name instead of a number (with for -ug) -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug) Example: $ id uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen) ------------------------------- =item B ifconfig [B<-a>] [
] configure a network interface Options: [[-]broadcast [
]] [[-]pointopoint [
]] [netmask
] [dstaddr
] [outfill ] [keepalive ] [hw ether
] [metric ] [mtu ] [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti] [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen ] [[-]dynamic] [mem_start ] [io_addr ] [irq ] [up|down] ... ------------------------------- =item B init Init is the parent of all processes. This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel. BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use sysvinit. BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it has the following default behavior: ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS ::askfirst:/bin/sh ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also run: tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh tty3::askfirst:/bin/sh tty4::askfirst:/bin/sh If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as follows: ::: : WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init! The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are appended to /dev/ and used as-is. There is no need for this field to be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console. Also note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null will be run. BusyBox init does nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp. : The runlevels field is completely ignored. : Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, once, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown. The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified process exits. Run only-once actions: 'sysinit' is the first item run on boot. init waits until all sysinit actions are completed before continuing. Following the completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run. 'wait' actions, like 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until the specified task completes. 'once' actions are asyncronous, therefore, init does not wait for them to complete. 'ctrlaltdel' actions are run when the system detects that someone on the system console has pressed the CTRL-ALT-DEL key combination. Typically one wants to run 'reboot' at this point to cause the system to reboot. Finally the 'shutdown' action specifies the actions to taken when init is told to reboot. Unmounting filesystems and disabling swap is a very good here Run repeatedly actions: 'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions. When a process started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts it. Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from respawning out of control. The 'askfirst' actions acts just like respawn, except that before running the specified process it displays the line Please press Enter to activate this console. and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the specified process. Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an error message, and then go along with its business. All actions are run in the reverse order from how they appear in /etc/inittab. : Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line. Example /etc/inittab file: # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode. # ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys # # Start an askfirst shell on the console (whatever that may be) ::askfirst:-/bin/sh # Start an askfirst shell on /dev/tty2-4 tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh tty3::askfirst:-/bin/sh tty4::askfirst:-/bin/sh # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys # tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6 # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal) # #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100 #::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100 # # Example how to put a getty on a modem line. #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2 # Stuff to do before rebooting ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a ------------------------------- =item B insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]... Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel. Options: -f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version. -k Make module autoclean-able. -v verbose output -L Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module -x do not export externs ------------------------------- =item B kill [B<-signal>] process-id [process-id ...] Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es). Options: -l List all signal names and numbers. Example: $ ps | grep apache 252 root root S [apache] 263 www-data www-data S [apache] 264 www-data www-data S [apache] 265 www-data www-data S [apache] 266 www-data www-data S [apache] 267 www-data www-data S [apache] $ kill 252 ------------------------------- =item B killall [B<-signal>] process-name [process-name ...] Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified process(es). Options: -l List all signal names and numbers. Example: $ killall apache ------------------------------- =item B klogd B<-n> Kernel logger. Options: -n Run as a foreground process. ------------------------------- =item B length STRING Prints out the length of the specified STRING. Example: $ length Hello 5 ------------------------------- =item B ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. Options: -s make symbolic links instead of hard links -f remove existing destination files -n no dereference symlinks - treat like normal file Example: $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls $ ls -l /tmp/ls lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox* ------------------------------- =item B loadacm < mapfile Loads an acm from standard input. Example: $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname ------------------------------- =item B loadfont < font Loads a console font from standard input. Example: $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname ------------------------------- =item B loadkmap < keymap Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input. Example: $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap ------------------------------- =item B logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE] Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin. Options: -s Log to stderr as well as the system log. -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name). -p Enter the message with the specified priority. This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair. Example: $ logger hello ------------------------------- =item B logname Print the name of the current user. Example: $ logname root ------------------------------- =item B logread Shows the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer). ------------------------------- =item B ls [B<-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhk>] [filenames...] List directory contents Options: -1 list files in a single column -A do not list implied . and .. -a do not hide entries starting with . -C list entries by columns -c with -l: show ctime -d list directory entries instead of contents -e list both full date and full time -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries -i list the i-node for each file -l use a long listing format -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries -L list entries pointed to by symbolic links -R list subdirectories recursively -r sort the listing in reverse order -S sort the listing by file size -s list the size of each file, in blocks -T NUM assume Tabstop every NUM columns -t with -l: show modification time -u with -l: show access time -v sort the listing by version -w NUM assume the terminal is NUM columns wide -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort the listing by extension -h print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G ) -k print sizes in kilobytes(default) ------------------------------- =item B lsmod List the currently loaded kernel modules. ------------------------------- =item B makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s] Creates a range of block or character special files TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes. FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device. LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's' is the last argument, the base device is created as well. For example: makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63 -> ttyS2-ttyS63 makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s -> hda,hda1-hda8 Example: $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63 [creates ttyS2-ttyS63] $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s [creates hda,hda1-hda8] ------------------------------- =item B md5sum [OPTION] [FILE]... or: md5sum [OPTION] B<-c> [FILE] Print or check MD5 checksums. Options: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. -b read files in binary mode -c check MD5 sums against given list -t read files in text mode (default) -g read a string The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums: -s don't output anything, status code shows success -w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines Example: $ md5sum < busybox 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 $ md5sum busybox 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox $ md5sum -c - 6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox busybox: OK ^D ------------------------------- =item B mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist Options: -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask -p no error if existing, make parent directories as needed Example: $ mkdir /tmp/foo $ mkdir /tmp/foo /tmp/foo: File exists $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz ------------------------------- =item B mkfifo [OPTIONS] name Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p') Options: -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw) ------------------------------- =item B mkfs_minix [B<-c> | B<-l> filename] [B<-nXX>] [B<-iXX>] /dev/name [blocks] Make a MINIX filesystem. Options: -c Check the device for bad blocks -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames -i INODES Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem ------------------------------- =item B mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR Create a special file (block, character, or pipe). Options: -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw) TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes. Example: $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0 $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p ------------------------------- =item B mkswap [B<-c>] [B<-v0>|B<-v1>] device [block-count] Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition. Options: -c Check for read-ability. -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs]. -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117). block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition). ------------------------------- =item B mktemp [B<-q>] TEMPLATE Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX). Example: $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX /tmp/temp.mWiLjM $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM ------------------------------- =item B more [FILE ...] More is a filter for viewing FILE one screenful at a time. Example: $ dmesg | more ------------------------------- =item B mount [flags] device directory [B<-o> options,more-options] Mount a filesystem Flags: -a: Mount all filesystems in fstab. -f: Fake Add entry to mount table but don't mount it. -n: Don't write a mount table entry. -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below. -r: Mount the filesystem read-only. -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type. -w: Mount for reading and writing (default). Options for use with the B<-o> flag: async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous. atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times. dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them. exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them. loop: Mounts a file via loop device. suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them. remount: Re-mount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags. ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write. There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem. You'll have to see the written documentation for those. Example: $ mount /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw) proc on /proc type proc (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw) $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop ------------------------------- =item B mt [B<-f> device] opcode value Control magnetic tape drive operation Available Opcodes: bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rew rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset ------------------------------- =item B mv SOURCE DEST or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Example: $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar ------------------------------- =item B nc [IP] [port] Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port Example: $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600 help 214-Commands supported: 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP quit 221 foobar closing connection ------------------------------- =item B nslookup [HOST] Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST Example: $ nslookup localhost Server: default Address: default Name: debian Address: 127.0.0.1 ------------------------------- =item B ping [OPTION]... host Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts. Options: -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings. -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56). -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start and when finished. Example: $ ping localhost PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms --- debian ping statistics --- 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms ------------------------------- =item B pivot_root new_root put_old Move the current root file system to put_old and make new_root the new root file system. ------------------------------- =item B poweroff Halt the system and request that the kernel shut off the power. ------------------------------- =item B printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT...] Formats and prints ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, Where FORMAT controls the output exactly as in C printf. Example: $ printf Val=%d 5 Val=5 ------------------------------- =item B ps Report process status This version of ps accepts no options. Example: $ ps PID Uid Gid State Command 1 root root S init 2 root root S [kflushd] 3 root root S [kupdate] 4 root root S [kpiod] 5 root root S [kswapd] 742 andersen andersen S [bash] 743 andersen andersen S -bash 745 root root S [getty] 2990 andersen andersen R ps ------------------------------- =item B pwd Print the full filename of the current working directory. Example: $ pwd /root ------------------------------- =item B rdate [OPTION] HOST Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST. Options: -s Set the system date and time (default). -p Print the date and time. ------------------------------- =item B readlink Read a symbolic link. ------------------------------- =item B reboot Reboot the system. ------------------------------- =item B renice priority pid [pid ...] Changes priority of running processes. Allowed priorities range from 20 (the process runs only when nothing else is running) to 0 (default priority) to B<-20> (almost nothing else ever gets to run). ------------------------------- =item B reset Resets the screen. ------------------------------- =item B rm [OPTION]... FILE... Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. Options: -i always prompt before removing each destinations -f remove existing destinations, never prompt -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively Example: $ rm -rf /tmp/foo ------------------------------- =item B rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. Example: # rmdir /tmp/foo ------------------------------- =item B rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]... Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel. Options: -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules. Example: $ rmmod tulip ------------------------------- =item B route [{add|del|flush}] Edit the kernel's routing tables ------------------------------- =item B rpmunpack < package.rpm | gunzip | cpio B<-idmuv> Extracts an rpm archive. ------------------------------- =item B sed [B<-Vhnef>] pattern [files...] Options: -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space -e script add the script to the commands to be executed -f scriptfile add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed -h display this help message If no B<-e> or B<-f> is given, the first non-option argument is taken as the sed script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of input files; if no input files are specified, then the standard input is read. Example: $ echo foo | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g' bar ------------------------------- =item B setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ... Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes. SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in decimal Example: $ setkeycodes e030 127 ------------------------------- =item B sh [FILE]... or: sh B<-c> command [args]... lash: The BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter) This command does not yet have proper documentation. Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts, and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not (yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like if-then-else, while, and such use ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job. ------------------------------- =item B sleep N Pause for N seconds. Example: $ sleep 2 [2 second delay results] ------------------------------- =item B sort [B<-n>] [B<-r>] [FILE]... Sorts lines of text in the specified files Example: $ echo -e e f b d c a | sort a b c d e f ------------------------------- =item B stty [B<-a>|g] [B<-F> device] [SETTING]... Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. Options: -F device open device instead of stdin -a print all current settings in human-readable form -g print in stty-readable form [SETTING] see documentation ------------------------------- =item B swapoff [OPTION] [device] Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device. Options: -a Stop swapping on all swap devices ------------------------------- =item B swapon [OPTION] [device] Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device. Options: -a Start swapping on all swap devices ------------------------------- =item B sync Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk. ------------------------------- =item B syslogd [OPTION]... Linux system and kernel logging utility. Note that this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf. Options: -m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off) -n Run as a foreground process -O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages) -R HOST[:PORT] Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP) -L Log locally and via network logging (default is network only) Example: $ syslogd -R masterlog:514 $ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601 ------------------------------- =item B tail [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Options: -c N[kbm] output the last N bytes -n N[kbm] print last N lines instead of last 10 -f output data as the file grows -q never output headers giving file names -s SEC wait SEC seconds between reads with -f -v always output headers giving file names If the first character of N (bytes or lines) is a '+', output begins with the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last N items in the file. N bytes may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (1024^2). Example: $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 10.0.0.1 ------------------------------- =item B tar -[cxtvO] [-B<-exclude> File] [B<-X> File][B<-f> tarFile] [FILE(s)] ... Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Main operation mode: c create x extract t list File selection: f name of tarfile or - for stdin O extract to stdout exclude file to exclude X file with names to exclude Informative output: v verbosely list files processed Example: $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf - $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local ------------------------------- =item B tee [OPTION]... [FILE]... Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. Options: -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite Example: $ echo Hello | tee /tmp/foo $ cat /tmp/foo Hello ------------------------------- =item B telnet host [port] Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another computer over a network using the TELNET protocol. ------------------------------- =item B test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ] Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by the value of EXPRESSION. Example: $ test 1 -eq 2 $ echo $? 1 $ test 1 -eq 1 $ echo $? 0 $ [ -d /etc ] $ echo $? 0 $ [ -d /junk ] $ echo $? 1 ------------------------------- =item B tftp command SOURCE DEST Transfers a file from/to a tftp server using octet mode. Commands: get Get file from server SOURCE and store to local DEST. put Put local file SOURCE to server DEST. When nameing a server, use the syntax server:file. ------------------------------- =item B touch [B<-c>] file [file ...] Update the last-modified date on the given file[s]. Options: -c Do not create any files Example: $ ls -l /tmp/foo /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory $ touch /tmp/foo $ ls -l /tmp/foo -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo ------------------------------- =item B tr [B<-cds>] STRING1 [STRING2] Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. Options: -c take complement of STRING1 -d delete input characters coded STRING1 -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character Example: $ echo gdkkn vnqkc | tr [a-y] [b-z] hello world ------------------------------- =item B true Return an exit code of TRUE (0). Example: $ true $ echo $? 0 ------------------------------- =item B tty Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. Options: -s print nothing, only return an exit status Example: $ tty /dev/tty2 ------------------------------- =item B umount [flags] filesystem|directory Unmount file systems Flags: -a: Unmount all file systems in /etc/mtab -n: Don't erase /etc/mtab entries -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server) -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used) Example: $ umount /dev/hdc1 ------------------------------- =item B uname [OPTION]... Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as B<-s>. Options: -a print all information -m the machine (hardware) type -n print the machine's network node hostname -r print the operating system release -s print the operating system name -p print the host processor type -v print the operating system version Example: $ uname -a Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown ------------------------------- =item B uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). Options: -c prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d only print duplicate lines -u only print unique lines Example: $ echo -e a a b c c a | sort | uniq a b c ------------------------------- =item B unix2dos [option] [file] See 'dos2unix -B<-help>' for help! ------------------------------- =item B update [options] Periodically flushes filesystem buffers. Options: -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing -s SECS call sync this often (default 30) -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5) ------------------------------- =item B uptime Display the time since the last boot. Example: $ uptime 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00 ------------------------------- =item B usleep N Pause for N microseconds. Example: $ usleep 1000000 [pauses for 1 second] ------------------------------- =item B uudecode [FILE]... Uudecode a file that is uuencoded. Options: -o FILE direct output to FILE Example: $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu $ ls -l busybox -rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox ------------------------------- =item B uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE Uuencode a file. Options: -m use base64 encoding as of RFC1521 Example: $ uuencode busybox busybox begin 755 busybox $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu $ ------------------------------- =item B vi [OPTION] [FILE]... edit FILE. Options: -R Read-only- do not write to the file. ------------------------------- =item B watchdog DEV Periodically write to watchdog device DEV ------------------------------- =item B wc [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input. Options: -c print the byte counts -l print the newline counts -L print the length of the longest line -w print the word counts Example: $ wc /etc/passwd 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd ------------------------------- =item B wget [B<-c>] [B<-O> file] url wget retrieves files via HTTP or FTP Options: -c continue retrieval of aborted transfers -q quiet mode - do not print -O save to filename ('-' for stdout) ------------------------------- =item B which [COMMAND ...] Locates a COMMAND. Example: $ which login /bin/login ------------------------------- =item B whoami Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id. ------------------------------- =item B xargs [COMMAND] [ARGS...] Executes COMMAND on every item given by standard input. Example: $ ls | xargs gzip $ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm ------------------------------- =item B yes [OPTION]... [STRING]... Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'. ------------------------------- =item B zcat FILE Uncompress to stdout. ------------------------------- =head1 LIBC NSS GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_* libraries installed. If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities. =head1 SEE ALSO textutils(1), shellutils(1), etc... =head1 MAINTAINER Erik Andersen =head1 AUTHORS The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. =for html
Erik Andersen , Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files. =for html
Edward Betts expr, hostid, logname, tty, wc, whoami, yes =for html
John Beppu du, head, nslookup, sort, tee, uniq =for html
Brian Candler tiny-ls(ls) =for html
Randolph Chung fbset, ping, hostname, and mkfifo =for html
Dave Cinege more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file, various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance =for html
Karl M. Hegbloom cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c. =for html
Daniel Jacobowitz mktemp.c =for html
Matt Kraai documentation, bugfixes =for html
John Lombardo dirname, tr =for html
Glenn McGrath ar.c =for html
Vladimir Oleynik cmdedit, stty-port, locale, various fixes and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect. =for html
Bruce Perens Original author of BusyBox. His code is still in many apps. =for html
Chip Rosenthal , wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications =for html
Pavel Roskin Lots of bugs fixes and patches. =for html
Gyepi Sam Remote logging feature for syslogd =for html
Linus Torvalds mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix =for html
Mark Whitley sed remix, bug fixes, style-guide, etc. =for html
Charles P. Wright gzip, mini-netcat(nc) =for html
Enrique Zanardi tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance =cut # $Id: busybox.pod,v 1.97 2001/04/09 22:48:11 andersen Exp $