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On GRUB, you can edit the kernel command line parameters, which will be parsed as variables on the init system. Not all of the parameters will be acted upon, but all of them will be set as variables on the init script. For example an example command line, and how it is interpreted.
BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 rw loglevel=3 quiet
This command line will be parsed to set the following variables:
BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 rw=1 loglevel=3 quiet=1
Some of these variables, such as ‘rw=/=ro’, ‘loglevel’, and ‘quiet’, will be used by the init system to change the behaviour of the startup.